1492Ch15
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2020-01-11 19:44:52
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Manahan,StanleyE.THEGEOSPHEREANDGEOCHEMISTRYEnvironmentalChemistryBocaRaton:CRCPressLLC,200015THEGEOSPHEREANDGEOCHEMISTRY____________________________________________________15.1.INTRODUCTIONThegeosphere,orsolidearth,isthatpartoftheearthuponwhichhumansliveandfromwhichtheyextractmostoftheirfood,minerals,andfuels.Oncethoughttohaveanalmostunlimitedbufferingcapacityagainsttheperturbationsofhumankind,thegeosphereisnowknowntoberatherfragileandsubjecttoharmbyhumanactivities.Forexample,somebillionsoftonsofearthmaterialareminedorother-wisedisturbedeachyearintheextractionofmineralsandcoal.Twoatmosphericpollutantphenomena—excesscarbondioxideandacidrain(seeChapter14)—havethepotentialtocausemajorchangesinthegeosphere.Toomuchcarbondioxideintheatmospheremaycauseglobalheating(“greenhouseeffect”),whichcouldsignificantlyalterrainfallpatternsandturncurrentlyproductiveareasoftheearthintodesertregions.ThelowpHcharacteristicofacidraincanbringaboutdrasticchangesinthesolubilitiesandoxidation-reductionratesof
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