Synthesis and surface engineering of iron oxide n
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Biomaterials26(2005)3995–4021ReviewSynthesisandsurfaceengineeringofironoxidenanoparticlesforbiomedicalapplicationsAjayKumarGuptaa,�,MonaGuptabaCrusadeLaboratoriesLimited,SouthernGeneralHospital,1345GovanRoad,GlasgowG514TF,Scotland,UKbDivisionofBiochemistryandMolecularBiology,IBLS,DavidsonBuilding,UniversityofGlasgow,GlasgowG128QQ,Scotland,UKReceived3June2004;accepted18October2004Availableonline10December2004AbstractSuperparamagneticironoxidenanoparticles(SPION)withappropriatesurfacechemistryhavebeenwidelyusedexperimentallyfornumerousinvivoapplicationssuchasmagneticresonanceimagingcontrastenhancement,tissuerepair,immunoassay,detoxificationofbiologicalfluids,hyperthermia,drugdeliveryandincellseparation,etc.Allthesebiomedicalandbioengineeringapplicationsrequirethatthesenanoparticleshavehighmagnetizationvaluesandsizesmallerthan100nmwithoverallnarrowparticlesizedistribution,sothattheparticleshaveuniformphysicalandchemicalproperties.Inaddition,theseapplicationsneedspecialsurfacecoatingofthemagneticparticles,whichhastobenotonlynon-toxicandbiocompatiblebutalsoallowatargetabledeliverywithparticlelocalizationinaspecificarea.Tothisend,mostworkinthisfieldhasbeendoneinimprovingthebiocompatibilityofthematerials,butonlyafewscientificinvestigationsanddevelopmentshavebeencarriedoutinimprovingthequalityofmagneticparticles,theirsizedistribution,theirshapeandsurfaceinadditiontocharacterizingthemtogetaprotocolforthequalitycontroloftheseparticles.Natureofsurfacecoatingsandtheirsubsequentgeometricarrangementonthenanoparticlesdeterminenotonlytheoverallsizeofthecolloidbutalsoplayasignificantroleinbiokineticsandbiodistributionofnanoparticlesinthebody.Thetypesofspecificcoating,orderivatization,forthesenanoparticlesdependontheendapplicationandshouldbechosenbykeepingaparticularapplicationinmind,whetheritbeaimedatinflammationresponseoranti-canceragents.Magneticnanoparticlescanbindtodrugs,proteins,enzymes,antibodies,ornucleotidesandcanbedirectedtoanorgan,tissue,ortumourusinganexternalmagneticfiel
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