!!!Alkaliphi-Some-Applications-of-Their-Products

MICROBIOLOGYANDMOLECULARBIOLOGYREVIEWS,1092-2172/99/$04.00�0Dec.1999,p.735–750Vol.63,No.4Copyright©1999,AmericanSocietyforMicrobiology.AllRightsReserved.Alkaliphiles:SomeApplicationsofTheirProductsforBiotechnologyKOKIHORIKOSHI*JapanMarineScienceandTechnologyCenter,Yokosuka,KanagawaandToyoUniversity,Kawagoe,JapanDEFINITIONOFALKALIPHILES.736HISTORYOFALKALIPHILES...736DISTRIBUTIONANDISOLATIONOFALKALIPHILES..736Alkaliphiles..736Aerobicalkaliphiles736Anaerobicalkaliphiles737Haloalkaliphiles..737Methanogens738Cyanobacteria..738OtherAlkaliphiles...738SPECIALPHYSIOLOGICALFEATURESOFALKALIPHILES...738InternalpH..738CellWalls.739Acidicpolymers...739Peptidoglycan...739Na�IonsandMembraneTransport739MechanismsofCytoplasmicpHRegulation...739PHYSICALMAPSOFCHROMOSOMALDNAsOFALKALIPHILICBACILLUSSTRAINS.739ALKALINEENZYMES..740AlkalineProteases..740Structuralanalysis..741Otherproteases...741Industrialapplications...742(i)Detergentadditives...742(ii)Dehairing...742(iii)Otherapplications..742Starch-DegradingEnzymes...742�-AmylasesofalkaliphilicBacillusstrains..742Other�-amylases742Cyclomaltodextringlucanotransferases...742Industrialproductionofcyclodextrins.743Pullulanases.743Cellulases.744AlkalinecellulasesofalkaliphilicBacillusstrains.744Cellulasesaslaundrydetergentadditives...744Alkalinecellulasesfromotheralkaliphiles.744Lipases..744Xylanases.744Pectinases.745Chitinases.745METABOLITESPRODUCEDBYALKALIPHILES.7452-Phenylamine.745CarotenoidsofAlkaliphilicBacillusStrains...745Siderophores745CholicAcidDerivatives..745OrganicAcids..745AntibioticsandEnzymeInhibitors...746FUTUREOFALKALIPHILES.746REFERENCES746*Mailingaddress:DEEPSTARProject,JapanMarineScienceandTechnologyCenter,Natsushima,Yokosuka,Kanagawa-ken237-0061,Japan.Phone:81-3-3994-0354.Fax:81-3-3994-0438.E-mail:horikok@jamstec.go.jp.735DEFINITIONOFALKALIPHILESTherearenoprecisedefinitionsofwhatcharacterizesanalkaliphilicoralkalitolerantorganism.SeveralmicroorganismsexhibitmorethanonepHoptimumforgrowthdependingonthegrowthconditions,partic