Effects-of-short-term-exposure-to-fluoxetine-and-carbamazepine-to-the-collembolan-Folsomia-candida

Effectsofshort-termexposuretofluoxetineandcarbamazepinetothecollembolanFolsomiacandidaM.Oliveira⇑,D.N.Cardoso,A.M.V.M.Soares,S.LoureiroDepartmentofBiology&CESAM–CentreforEnvironmentalandMarineStudies,UniversityofAveiro,CampusUniversitáriodeSantiago,3810-193Aveiro,Portugalhighlights�Collembolansshowedanavoidancebehaviorwhenexposedtocarbamazepine.�Carbamazepineinducedoxidativestress,expressedasanincreaseonLPOlevels.�Apatternofnoavoidancecharacterizedfluoxetineexposure,althoughAChEwasinhibitedat4mgkg�1.articleinfoArticlehistory:Received27January2014Receivedinrevisedform12June2014Accepted14June2014HandlingEditor:S.JoblingKeywords:SoilSpringtailHumanpharmaceuticalsBiomarkersAvoidanceabstractPharmaceuticals,emergingenvironmentalcontaminants,havetheirecotoxicologicaleffectstonon-targetorganismsinsoillargelyunknown.Thisstudyassessedshort-termeffectsoftwohumanpharmaceuti-cals,carbamazepineandfluoxetine,toFolsomiacandida.Avoidancetospikedsoilswasassessedafter48and96hexposureandbiochemicalchanges(acetylcholinesteraseandglutathioneS-transferaseactivities,andlipidperoxidationlevels)after96h.F.candidaavoidedsoilsspikedwith0.04,0.4and4mgcarbamazepinekg�1after48h.However,highernumberoforganismswerefoundinsoilswith40mgcarbamazepinekg�1,abehavioralsodisplayedfor40mgfluoxetinekg�1spikedsoils.After96h,F.candidashowedavoidancebehaviortosoilswith4and40mgcarbamazepinekg�1.Acetylcholin-esteraseactivitydecreasedin0.4mgfluoxetinekg�1exposedorganisms.Peroxidativedamagesweredetectedinorganismsexposedto4and40mgkg�1carbamazepineandglutathioneS-transferaseinhibitionwasobservedat40mgkg�1.Datasuggeststhatcarbamazepineandfluoxetinemayposerisktosoilcollembolan.�2014PublishedbyElsevierLtd.1.IntroductionThepresenceandpossibleharmfuleffectsofactivepharmaceu-ticalsintheenvironmentiscurrentlyanemergingtopicofconcerninenvironmentalsciencessincethesecompounds,designedtointeractwithspecificpathwaysandprocessesintargetorganisms,arecontinuouslybeingreleasedintotheenvironmentthroughwastewatertreatmentplantsprod