传统炉子颗粒物排放

EmissionFactorsandReal-TimeOpticalPropertiesofParticlesEmittedfromTraditionalWoodBurningCookstovesCHRISTOPHA.RODEN*ANDTAMIC.BONDDepartmentofCivilandEnvironmentalEngineering,UniversityofIllinoisatUrbana-Champaign,205NorthMathewsAvenue,Urbana,Illinois61801STUARTCONWAYTreesWater&People,633RemingtonStreet,FortCollins,Colorado80524ANIBALBENJAMINOSORTOPINELAHDESA,ColoniaCountryClub,CallePrincipalCasaNo2245,Comayaguela,MDCHondurasItisestimatedthatthecombustionofbiofuelgenerates20%ofallcarbonaceousaerosols,yettheseparticlesarestudiedlessthanthoseofothercommonsources.Wedesignedandbuiltaportablebattery-operatedemission-samplingcarttomeasurethereal-timeopticalpropertiesandotheremissioncharacteristicsofbiofuelcookstoves.InafieldstudyinHonduras,wemeasuredemissionfactorsaveraging8.5g/kg,higherthanthosefoundinpreviouslaboratorystudies.Strongflamingeventsemittedverydarkparticleswiththeopticalpropertiesofblackparticles.Theelementalcarbontototalcarbonratiosrangedfrom0.07to0.64,confirmingthathighelementalcarbonfractionscanbeemittedfrombiofuelcombustionandmaynotbeusedtodistinguishfossil-fuelfrombiofuelsourceswhencookingisthedominantusage.AbsorptionÅngstro¨mexponents,representingthedependenceofabsorptiononwavelength,rangedfrom1(black)to5(yellow).Stronglyabsorbingparticleswithabsorptioninverselydependentonwavelengthwereemittedseparatelyfromparticleswithweakabsorptionandstrongwavelengthdependence;thelatterprobablycontainedconjugatedaromaticcompounds.Becausecombustionoccursindistinctphases,differenttypesofcarbonaceousaerosolsfrombiofuelcombustionareexternallymixedatemissionandmayhavedifferentatmosphericfates.IntroductionMorethantwobillionpeopleusebiofuelssuchaswood,cropresidue,anddungastheirprimaryenergysourcefordomesticneedssuchasheatingandcooking(1).Biofuelisresponsibleforasignificantfractionofglobalblackcarbon(BC)andorganiccarbon(OC)aerosol.Itisestimatedtocontribute20%ofprimarypyrogenicBCandOCgloballyand33and65%,respectively,ofenergy-relatedpyrogenicBCandOC(2).Althoughthesevaluesaresimi