EPA暴露参数手册2011

OfficeofResearchandDevelopment,Washington,DC20460NationalCenterforEnvironmentalAssessmentEPA/600/R-090/052F|September2011|www.epa.govExposureFactorsHandbook:2011EditionOfficeofResearchandDevelopmentNationalCenterforEnvironmentalAssessmentWashington,DC20460OfficialBusinessPenaltyforPrivateUse$300PRESORTEDSTANDARDPOSTAGE&FEESPAIDEPAPERMITNO.G-35Recycled/RecyclablePrintedonpaperthatcontainsaminimumof50%postconsumerfibercontentprocessedchlorinefreeCMYCMMYCYCMYKcvr_Exposrefactorshandbk-9-2011.ai19/28/20118:11:57AMcvr_Exposrefactorshandbk-9-2011.ai19/28/20118:11:57AMEPA/600/R-09/052FSeptember2011EXPOSUREFACTORSHANDBOOK:2011EDITIONNationalCenterforEnvironmentalAssessmentOfficeofResearchandDevelopmentU.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgencyWashington,DC20460ExposureFactorsHandbookFrontMatterPageExposureFactorsHandbookiiSeptember2011DISCLAIMERThisdocumenthasbeenreviewedinaccordancewithU.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgencypolicyandapprovedforpublication.Mentionoftradenamesorcommercialproductsdoesnotconstituteendorsementorrecommendationforuse.PreferredCitation:U.S.EPA(EnvironmentalProtectionAgency).(2011)Exposurefactorshandbook:2011edition.NationalCenterforEnvironmentalAssessment,Washington,DC;EPA/600/R-09/052F.AvailablefromtheNationalTechnicalInformationService,Springfield,VA,andonlineathttp://www.epa.gov/ncea/efh.ExposureFactorsHandbookFrontMatterExposureFactorsHandbookPageSeptember2011iiiFOREWORDTheU.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgency(U.S.EPA),OfficeofResearchandDevelopment(ORD),NationalCenterforEnvironmentalAssessment’s(NCEA)missionistoprovideguidanceandriskassessmentsaimedatprotectinghumanhealthandtheenvironment.Toaccomplishthismission,NCEAworkstodevelopandimprovethemodels,databases,tools,assumptions,andextrapolationsusedinriskassessments.NCEAestablishedtheExposureFactorsProgramtodeveloptoolsanddatabasesthatimprovethescientificbasisofexposureandriskassessmentby(1)identifyingexposurefactorsneedsinconsultationwithclients,andexploringwaysforfillingdatagaps;(2)compilingexistingdataonexposu